Lycopene E160d
natural — Primarily plant-derived.
Psi,psi-carotene
CAS: 502-65-8
Factual Regulatory Reference
This database provides factual regulatory information compiled from official government sources. It does not constitute medical, nutritional, or safety advice. Regulatory status varies by country and is subject to change. Always refer to your local regulatory authority for the most current information.
What Is Lycopene?
Lycopene (E160d) is the red carotenoid pigment responsible for the red color of tomatoes, watermelon, grapefruit, and guava. For food additive use, lycopene is produced either by extraction from tomatoes (natural lycopene) or by chemical synthesis (synthetic lycopene). It is used as a red to orange-red food colorant in beverages, confectionery, dairy products, and soups. Lycopene has attracted significant research interest due to its antioxidant properties and potential associations with reduced risk of certain chronic diseases, though these health claims are separate from its regulatory status as a food colorant. EFSA evaluated lycopene from various sources in 2008 and established a group ADI of 0.5 mg/kg body weight per day. It is approved in the EU, USA (as a color additive in limited applications), Japan, Canada, and Australia/NZ.
? Did You Know?
Lycopene occurs naturally in tomatoes and watermelon. Many people consume it daily without realizing it's also a listed food additive.
Lycopene is produced through fermentation — the same biological process used to make bread, beer, and yogurt.
Beyond food, Lycopene is also used in cosmetics, medicine. Its versatility makes it one of the most multi-purpose chemical compounds in everyday life.
Detailed Regulatory Assessment
European Union (EFSA)
Approved with three sub-types: E160d(i) synthetic, E160d(ii) tomato extract, E160d(iii) from Blakeslea trispora
United States (FDA)
Approved for use in foods generally
Japan (MHLW)
Approved as tomato pigment (natural lycopene from tomatoes); synthetic lycopene is distinguished separately
Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)
International Standard (JECFA)
mg/kg body weight per day
European Standard (EFSA)
Natural Occurrence
Bright red carotenoid pigment that gives tomatoes their characteristic red color. Lycopene has eleven conjugated double bonds, which contribute to its deep red hue and antioxidant properties.
Manufacturing
E160d includes three types: (i) synthetic lycopene produced by chemical synthesis; (ii) lycopene extract from tomatoes using solvent extraction; and (iii) lycopene from Blakeslea trispora fungus through fermentation. Commercial food-grade lycopene is typically extracted from tomato processing by-products.
Applications Beyond Food
Used as a colorant and antioxidant in cosmetics.
Used in dietary supplements and nutraceuticals.